Evaluation of the structural changes of uveitis patients by optical biometry.

Objective (Aim): To observe the ocular structural changes in active and inactive uveitis patients. Methods: This retrospective study involved 30 patients (32 eyes) with anterior and intermediate uveitis cases and 54 eyes of 54 cases in a control group, who were admitted to the Ophthalmology Department at Trakya University. In the study group, 14 patients were females, 16 patients were males and in the control group 26 volunteers were females, and 28 volunteers were male of the 54 volunteers. Anterior chamber depth, axial length, intraocular pressure, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, steep and flat values in keratometry, corrected visual acuity in both eyes, anterior chamber cells, and vitreous cells were measured and compared between three groups (two uveitis groups - active and inactive - and control group). Results: In the comparison of the median values of axial length, central corneal thickness, and steep and flat values of keratometry, the values of the patients with active uveitis were higher than the ones in the control group in each parameter, but no significant difference was observed. The anterior chamber depth parameter value was higher, the lens thickness value was lower in patients with active uveitis than the values in the control group and the differences were statistically significant (p<0,05). No significant structural differences in the values of the active and inactive group patients (p>0,05) were observed. Conclusions: Only lens thickness and anterior chamber depth parameters were statistically significant in patients with active uveitis, compared with the inactive uveitis group. Anterior chamber depth measurement values were higher and lens thickness measurement values were lower in patients with active uveitis when compared with the control group. Abbreviations: AAU = Acute anterior uveitis, CAU = Chronic Anterior Uveitis, AC = Anterior Chamber, IOP = Intraocular Pressure, IVCM = in vivo Confocal Microscopy, AS-OCT = Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography, UBM = Ultrasound Biomicroscopy, LFP = Laser Flare Photometry, KP = Keratic Precipitates, OCT = Optical Coherence Tomography, AL = Axial Length, ACD = Anterior Chamber Depth, LT = Lens Thickness, CCT = Central Corneal Thickness, Ks = Steep Value of Keratometry, Kf = Flat Value of Keratometry, AUP = Active Uveitis Patients, IUP = Inactive Uveitis Patients, SUN = Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature.

Decreased perifoveal ganglion cell complex thickness - a first sign for macular damage in patients using hydroxychloroquine.

Aim: To examine ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), without any structural and functional macular changes to evaluate the initial symptoms of macular toxicity for early diagnosis before clinical evaluation. Methods: Eighty eyes of forty patients (Group 1) and forty eyes of twenty healthy volunteer persons (Group 2) were included in the study. Detailed ophthalmologic and mydriatic fundus examination were applied to all patients and volunteers (controls). Spectral domain OCT, visual field (VF) and color vision test were performed. Measurements of macula thickness, GCC thickness (involving nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) were performed with OCT. Patients with retinal pigment epithelial changes, VF paracentral scotoma and defected color vision were excluded from the planned study. Results: Perifoveal GCC layer thickness in all quadrants was significantly thinner in group 1 compared to group 2 (p=0.017, p=0.001, p=0.019, p=0.001). The mean global inferior hemifield and nasal quadrant RNFL thickness were lower than in the control groups (p=0,012, p=0,009, p=0,005, respectively). Conclusion: Changes in the thickness of nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer detected by optical coherence tomography can be thought to be used as a diagnostic aid for the early diagnosis of hydroxychloroquine-toxic maculopathy Abbreviations: GCC = Ganglion cell complex, OCT = Optical coherence tomography, HCQ = Hydroxychloroquine, BCVA = Best-corrected visual acuity, IOP = Intraocular pressure, VF = Visual field, RNFL = Retinal nerve fiber layer, SD OCT = Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, mfERG = Multifocal electroretinogram, FAF = Fundus autofluorescence, IS/ OS = Inner segment-outer segment junction, SITA = Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm, RA = Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE = Systemic lupus erythematosus, SS = Sjogren syndrome.

Microvascular changes in obese adults detected by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Aim: The aim of this prospective, controlled, non-randomized study was the comparison of the retinal microvascular parameters of obese and nonobese adults. Methods: 184 eyes of 92 subjects were separated to 3 groups. 68 eyes were in the normal weight group, with a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.5 kg/ m2, 60 eyes were in the overweight group, with a body mass index between 25-29.9 kg/ m2, and 56 eyes were in the obese group, with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/ m2. All the volunteers were applied visual acuity, ocular motility testing, and slit lamp and mydriatic fundus examination. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) scanning was practiced with Optovue (Optovue, Inc; Fremont, CA) on a 6.00 x 6.00 mm macular region, in the central fovea. Results: 184 eyes of ninety-two patients were involved in this prospective study. The vessels' density (VD) in the optic nerve head (ONH) were significantly lower in the overweight and obese adult volunteers compared to the normal weight control group. However, other OCTA parameters (including macular VDs, Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), choriocapillaris plexus (CCP) area) did not demonstrate any significant difference between groups. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) was higher in the overweight and obese patients when compared to the normal weight control group. Central macular thickness (CMT) did not reveal any significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Even though clinicians are limited in pointing out any differential findings in obese patients only by fundus examination, OCT-A provides a predictable view of the microvascular changes in the retina and choroid in obese patients. Abbreviations: BMI = Body mass index, WHO = World Health Organization, AMD = Age-related macular degeneration, CT = Choroidal thickness, OCTA = Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, (W/H) ratio = Waist-hip ratio, ETDRS = Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, VD = Vessel density, SCP = Superficial capillary plexus, DCP = Deep capillary plexus, CCP = Flow area of the choriocapillaris, FAZ = Avascular zone, CMT = Central macular thickness, ONH = Optic nerve head.

The Relationship Between Anthropometric Z-Score Measurements and Ocular Structures in Turkish Children.

Objective (Aim): This study explores the contact between anthropometric Z-score values and ocular parameters in children. Recent studies investigated the relationship, and contact between anthropometric measurements and ocular parameters in children, and height, weight, body mass index, and percentile curves are mostly used as anthropometric data. However, today, different scoring systems such as "Z-score" classify anthropometric values. Methods: Height and body mass index Z-scores were calculated for 725 children. Biometric and refractive measurements of all children were noted. For different reference values, those with a Z-score below the negative value of the reference were defined as a low Z-score, those between the negative and positive value of the reference were defined as a normal Z-score, those with a Z-score greater than the positive value of the reference were defined as a high Z-score. The mean ocular measurement results in the low, normal, and high Z-score groups were compared, and they were pointed to reach the reference value in both negative and positive sides which created the foremost critical contrast between the groups. Results: For a value of "-1" and "+1.5" in the height Z-score, from low to normal and from there to high Z-score group, axial length, and average corneal radius increased, and average corneal power decreased significantly. Anterior chamber depth increased from normal to high Z-score group, but no critical distinction was made between low and normal Z-score groups. Moreover, no critical distinction was observed in spherical equivalent refraction, central corneal thickness for height, and all values of body mass index. Conclusion: Considering a Z-score value of "-1" and "+1.5" as a reference value in children and anticipating the changes that may happen in the ocular structures of children at both ends of the Z-score, it may be useful to understand the effect of body development on ocular development more. Abbreviations: AL = Axial Length, ACD = Anterior Chamber Depth, BMI = Body Mass Index, NCHS = The United States National Center for Health Statistics, WHO = World Health Organization, NFHS 2 = National Family Health Survey 2, SER = Spherical Equivalent Refraction, CR = Average Corneal Radius, CP = Average Corneal Power, CCT = Central Corneal Thickness, HFAsZ = Height for Age Z-Score, BMIsZ = BMI for Age Z-Score, L = Low Z-score, N = Normal Z-score, H = High Z-score.

Application of autologous serum eye drops after pterygium surgery: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: The study aims to determine the effect of 50% autologous serum drops (ASD) on corneal healing and patient comfort following pterygium surgery. METHODS: Fifty eyes of 50 patients who underwent pterygium excision combined with autologous conjunctival graft were included in this prospective randomized study: in 25 eyes, 50% ASD. In the remaining 25 eyes, conventional artificial tears (CAT) were applied postoperatively until corneal epithelium had completely epithelialized. Corneal epithelium healing speed, visual analog scale (VAS) for postoperative pain assessment, conjunctival inflammation, and recurrences were evaluated. Patients were followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: Mean corneal epithelium closure time was 3.16 ± 0.37 days (range 3 and 4 days) in ASD group and 4.96 ± 0.84 days in CAT group (range 4 and 6 days), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). VAS scores were significantly lower in ASD group than CAT group in the first 5 days after surgery. In 9 of 50 eyes, moderate conjunctival inflammation continued 1 month: 4 (16%) in ASD group and 5 (20%) in CAT group (p = 0.713). In total, pterygium recurrence was seen in 5 (10%) eyes: 2 eyes (8%) in ASD group and 3 eyes (12%) in CAT group (p = 0.637). CONCLUSION: ASD accelerated corneal epithelial healing following pterygium surgery. ASD group had lesser pain that was seem to be related with accelerated corneal epithelial healing.